the abundance

-ατος ⁺ τό N 3 0-0-0-1-0=1 Eccl 2,15

abundance; ἐκ περισσεύματος λαλεῖ he speaks from abundance, he speaks out of the abundance (of the heart); cpr. Mt 12,34; Lk 6,45

πλήρωμα, ατος, τό (πληρόω; Eur., Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo; Mel., P. 40, 279).

① that which fills

ⓐ that which fills (up) (Eur., Ion 1051 κρατήρων πληρώματα; Hippocr., Aër. 7 τὸ πλ. τῆς γαστρός. Esp. oft. of a crew or cargo of ships since Thu. 7, 12, 3; 14, 1) ἡ γῆ καὶ τὸ πλ. αὐτῆς the earth and everything that is in it 1 Cor 10:26; 1 Cl 54:3 (both Ps 23:1, as also Did., Gen. 74, 8). ἦραν κλάσματα δώδεκα κοφίνων πληρώματα they gathered (enough) pieces to fill twelve baskets, twelve basketfuls of pieces Mk 6:43; cp. 8:20 (s. Eccl 4:6; EBishop, ET 60, ’48, 192f).

ⓑ that which makes someth. full/complete, supplement, complement (Appian, Mithr. 47 §185 τὰ τῶν γυναικῶν πάντα ἐς τὸ πλήρωμα τῶν δισχιλίων ταλάντων συνέφερον) lit. of the patch on a garment Mt 9:16; Mk 2:21 (FSynge, ET 56, ’44/45, 26f).—Fig., perh., of the church which, as the body, is τὸ πλ., the complement of Christ, who is the head Eph 1:23 (so Chrysostom. The word could be understood in a similar sense Pla., Rep. 2, 371e πλ. πόλεώς εἰσι καὶ μισθωτοί). Much more probably the Eph passage belongs under

② that which is full of someth. (Lucian, Ver. Hist. 2, 37; 38 and Polyaenus 3, 9, 55 the manned and loaded ship itself [s. 1a above]; Philo, Praem. 65 γενομένη πλ. ἀρετῶν ἡ ψυχὴ … οὐδὲν ἐν ἑαυτῇ καταλιποῦσα κενόν; Herm. Wr. 12, 15 God is called πλήρωμα τῆς ζωῆς; 6, 4 ὁ κόσμος πλήρωμά ἐστι τῆς κακίας, ὁ δὲ θεὸς τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ; 16, 3 τ. πάντων τὸ πλ. ἔν ἐστι.—Rtzst., Poim. 25, 1) (that) which is full of him who etc. (so as early as Severian of Gabala [KStaab, Pls-Kommentare ’33, 307] and Theodoret, who consider that it is God who fills the church.—Cp. CMitton, ET 59, ’47/48, 325; 60, ’48/49, 320f; CMoule, ibid. 53 and Col and Phil ’57, 164–69).

③ that which is brought to fullness or completion

ⓐ full number (Hdt. 8, 43; 45 of ships; Aristot., Pol. 2, 7, 22 of citizens; Iren. 1, 1, 3 [Harv. I 11, 11] and Hippol., Ref. 6, 38, 4 as Gnostic t.t.) τὸ πλ. τῶν ἐθνῶν Ro 11:25 (cp. Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 262 D.: πλήρωμα ἔθνους). For 11:12, which is also classed here by many, s. 4 below.

ⓑ sum total, fullness, even (super)abundance (Diod S 2, 12, 2 καθάπερ ἔκ τινος πηγῆς μεγάλης ἀκέραιον διαμένει τὸ πλήρωμα=as if from a great source the abundance [of bitumen] remains undiminished. As gnostic t.t. Iren. 1, 8, 4 [Harv. I, 73, 3]; Hippol., Ref. 8, 10, 3—s. also a) τινός of someth. πλ. εὐλογίας Χριστοῦ the fullness of Christ’s blessing Ro 15:29. πᾶν τὸ πλ. τῆς θεότητος the full measure of deity (s. θεότης) Col 2:9; without the gen., but in the same sense 1:19.—W. gen. to denote the one who possesses the fullness: θεοῦ πατρὸς πλ. IEph ins (s. Hdb. ad loc.). εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλ. τοῦ θεοῦ that you may be filled with all the fullness of God Eph 3:19 (s. πληρόω 1b). Of Christ: ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος αὐτοῦ J 1:16 (s. Bultmann 51, 7).—Abs. ἀσπάζομαι ἐν τῷ πληρώματι I greet in the fullness of the Christian spirit ITr ins.—On εἰς μέτρον ἡλικίας τοῦ πληρώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Eph 4:13 s. μέτρον 2b.

④ act of fulfilling specifications, fulfilling, fulfillment (=πλήρωσις, as Eur., Tro. 824; Philo, Abr. 268 π. ἐλπίδων) τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτῶν their (the people of Israel) fulfilling (the divine demand) Ro 11:12 (opp. παράπτωμα and ἥττημα). But this pass. is considered by many to belong under 3a above. πλ. νόμου ἡ ἀγάπη 13:10 (on the semantic field relating to love s. TSöding, ETL 68, ’92, 284–330, and Das Liebesgebot bei Paulus ’95).

⑤ the state of being full, fullness of time (πληρόω 2) τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου Gal 4:4 (s. ASP VI, 587, 34 [24/25 A.D.] τοῦ δὲ χρόνου πληροθέντος). τὸ πλ. τῶν καιρῶν Eph 1:10.—Lghtf., Col and Phlm 255–71; ARobinson, Eph 1904, 255ff; HMaVallisoleto, Christi ‘Pleroma’ iuxta Pli conceptionem: Verbum Domini 14, ’34, 49–55; FMontgomery-Hitchcock, The Pleroma of Christ: CQR 125, ’37, 1–18; JGewiess: MMeinertz Festschr. ’51, 128–41; PBenoit, RB 63, ’56, 5–44 (prison epp.); AFeuillet, Nouvelle Revue Theol. (Tournai) 88, ’56, 449–72; 593–610 (Eph 1:23); GMünderlein NTS 8, ’62, 264–76 (Col 1:19); HSchlier, D. Brief an die Epheser⁴, ’63, 96–99; POverfield, NTS 25, ’79, 384–96; CEvans, Biblica 65 ’84, 259–65 (Nag Hammadi).—DELG s.v. πίμπλημι. M-M. EDNT. TW.

περίσσευμα, ατος, τό (s. prec. entry)

① a condition of great plenty, abundance, fullness (Eratosth. [III B.C.], Cat. 44 Olivieri; Plut., Mor. 310c; 962f.—The LXX of Eccl 2:15 has the word in line 6, but this line is lacking in the Hebr. text, and hence is prob. a Christian addition: AMcNeile, An Introd. to Eccl 1904, 157; PKatz, TLZ 63, ’38, 34) 2 Cor 8:14ab (opp. ὑστέρημα). ἐκ (τοῦ) περισσεύματος (τῆς) καρδίας from the abundance of the heart, what the heart is full of Mt 12:34; Lk 6:45.

② that which remains above and beyond, what remains (Artem. 3, 52 ‘scraps’) περισσεύματα κλασμάτων pieces that were left (apparently out of the total number of pieces that were broken off in the course of distribution, not scraps left by the diners) Mk 8:8.—DELG s.v. περί.

περιουσί-α, ἡ, ( περίειμι ( εἰμί

A sum)) that which is over and above, surplus, abundance,

ἐρίων Ar.Nu.50

;

νεῶν Th.3.13

;

χρημάτων Id.1.2

, 2.13 ; οὔτε σοφίας ἐνδείᾳ οὔτ' αἰσχύνης π. Pl.Grg. 487e;

τοσαύτῃ π. χρήσασθαι πονηρίας D.19.55

; ἂν.. μοι π. ᾖ τοῦ ὕδατος, i.e. time enough for speaking, Id.59.20.

2 residuum, Hp.Cord.11.

II abs., net gain, profit,

ἀπὸ παντὸς π. ποιεῖσθαι Pl.R. 554a

; οὐ γὰρ εἰς π. ἐπράττετ' αὐτοῖς τὰ τῆς πόλεως so as to bring them advantage, D.3.26; τῆς ἰδίας τρυφῆς εἵνεκα καὶ π. Id.21.159, cf. Plb.4.21.1 ;

στρατεία οὐ φέρει περιουσίαν Men.382

: pl., opp. τὰ ἀναγκαῖα, Isoc.11.15: with Preps., ἀπὸ περιουσίας with plenty of other resources, Th.5.103; πρὸς περιουσίαν, opp. πρὸς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας, Plb.4.38.4: most freq. ἐκ π. out of the abundance (of their store), Pl.Tht. 154e, etc.;

ἐκ π. χρῆσθαι D.S.20.59

; ἐκ π. ζῆν to live on one's own resources, Ath.4.168a; ἐκ π. κατηγορεῖν τινος at an advantage, D.18.3 ; also ξενοτροφεῖν ἐκ τῆς π. J.BJ1.2.5 ; τὰ ἐκ π. superfluities, opp. τὰ ἀναγκαῖα, Arist.Top. 118a6.

2 superiority of numbers or force, Th.5.71 ; τοσαύτην ἔχειν π., ὥστε .. D.S.4.12;

π. τῆς δυνάμεως Iamb.Myst.5.23

.

III survival, τίς οὖν ἡ ταύτης π.; what is its chance of being saved? D. 19.79.

πλῆθος, ους, τό (πίμπλημι; Hom.+.—In our lit. it is lacking in Mt, the Pauline epp., the catholic epp. [except Js and 1 Pt], Rv, and D [B has it only in a quot. fr. the OT]; in the NT the large majority of occurrences are in Lk and Ac).

① the fact or condition of being many, quantity/number καθὼς τὰ ἄστρα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τῷ πλήθει Hb 11:12 (cp. Josh 11:4; Da 3:36 v.l.; TestJob 13:2.—S. also Hdt. 6, 44 al.).

② a large amount, large number, multitude, in concrete sense

ⓐ of things, w. gen. (Diod S 15, 3, 3 σίτου; 15, 9, 3; Polyaenus 8, 28, Exc. 15, 9; TestJob 18:4 τῶν ὠδίνων; JosAs 5:7 καρποῦ; SEG VIII, 467, 15f [217 B.C.] πολὺ πλ. χρυσίου κτλ.) πλ. ἰχθύων (Eparchides [III B.C.]: 437 Fgm. 1 Jac.; Diod S 3, 44, 8; 5, 19, 4) πολύ Lk 5:6; cp. J 21:6. πλ. ἁμαρτιῶν a host of sins (cp. Sir 5:6; Ezk 28:17f; ParJer 1:1, 8; Jos., Ant. 12, 167) Js 5:20; 1 Pt 4:8; 1 Cl 49:5; 2 Cl 16:4. φρυγάνων πλ. a bundle of sticks Ac 28:3. πλ. αἵματος a great quantity of blood MPol 16:1. πλ. τῆς χαλάζης density of the hail AcPl Ha 5, 10. πλ. τῶν θυσίων B 2:5 (Is 1:11). τὸ πλ. τῶν οἰκτιρμῶν σου the abundance of your compassion 1 Cl 18:2 (Ps 50:3). τὸ πλ. τῶν σχισμάτων the large number of cracks Hs 9, 8, 3.

ⓑ of persons

α. gener. crowd (of people), throng, host, also specif. a disorganized crowd (as Maximus Tyr. 39, 2eh) πολὺ πλ. Mk 3:7f. W. gen. of pers. (Diod S 15, 14, 4 στρατιωτῶν; Cebes 1, 3 γυναικῶν; Appian, Bell. Civ, 1. 81 §370 στρατιᾶς πολὺ πλ.=a large number of military personnel; Jos., Bell. 7, 35, Ant. 18, 61; Just., D. 120, 2) πλῆθος πολὺ τοῦ λαοῦ a great throng of people Lk 6:17; 23:27 (a πλ. at an execution Jos., Ant. 19, 270). τὸ πλ. τοῦ λαοῦ Ac 21:36 (πλῆθος … κράζοντες is constructio ad sensum as Diod S 13, 111, 1 συνέδριον … λέγοντες; Polyb. 18, 9, 9 σύγκλητος … ἐκεῖνοι and similar expressions). τὸ πλ. τοῦ ὄχλου Hs 9, 4, 4. πλ. τῶν ἀσθενούντων a large number of sick people J 5:3. Ἑλλήνων πολὺ πλ. Ac 14:1; 17:4. πλῆθός τι ἀνδρῶν a large number of (other) men Hs 9, 3, 1 (Diod S 15, 76, 2 and Appian, Iber. 59 §248 πλ. ἀνδρῶν, Bell. Civ. 2, 67 §276 πολὺ πλ. ἀνδρῶν). πολὺ πλ. ἐκλεκτῶν 1 Cl 6:1.—Of angels πλ. στρατιᾶς οὐρανίου a throng of the heavenly army Lk 2:13 (πλ. of military personnel Diod S 20, 50, 6; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 81 §370 στρατιᾶς πλ.; Jos., Ant. 14, 482). τὸ πᾶν πλ. τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 34:5.—Pl. (cp. Socrat., Ep. 1, 2; Diod S 1, 64, 5; 1, 85, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 120 §503; 2 Macc 12:27; 3 Macc 5:24; EpArist 15; 21. S. Mayser II/1, 1926, 38f) πλήθη ἀνδρῶν τε καὶ γυναικῶν large numbers of men and women Ac 5:14.

β. a (stated) meeting, assembly ἐσχίσθη τὸ πλ. Ac 23:7. πᾶν τὸ πλ. MPol 3:2. ἅπαν τὸ πλ. αὐτῶν Lk 23:1 (the verb is in the pl. as Polyaenus 7, 1; 8, 46; Xenophon Eph. 1, 3, 1 ἦλθον ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος).

γ. people, populace, population (Diod S 5, 15, 2; Appian, Samn. 4 §14; SIG 581, 95 [c. 200 B.C.] τὸ πλῆθος τὸ Ῥοδίων; 695, 20 [II B.C.] τὸ πλ. τὸ Μαγνήτων; IG XII/1, 846, 10; 847, 14 [cp. SIG 765, 129 note 5: τὸ πλέθος τὸ Λινδίων]; 1 Macc 8:20; 2 Macc 11:16; EpArist 308, the last three: τὸ πλ. τῶν Ἰουδαίων; Jos., Vi. 198 τὸ πλ. τῶν Γαλιλαίων; Just., D. 119, 4 Ἁμμανιτῶν πολὺ πλ.) τὸ πλῆθος the populace abs. (as Polyaenus 8, 47; 50) Ac 2:6; 1 Cl 53:5 (=ὁ λαός vss. 3, 4). ὅλον τὸ πλ. Ac 14:7 D; AcPl Ha 4, 21. W. gen. τὸ πλ. τῆς πόλεως (Sir 7:7) Ac 14:4. τὸ πλ. τῶν πέριξ πόλεων 5:16. ἅπαν τὸ πλ. τῆς περιχώρου Lk 8:37. ἅπαν τὸ πλ. τῶν Ἰουδαίων Ac 25:24; cp. MPol 12:2.

δ. in the usage of cultic communities as a t.t. for the whole body of their members, fellowship, community, congregation (cp. 1QS 5:2, 9, 22; 6:19; IG XII/1, 155, 6; 156, 5; SIG 1023, 16f τὸ πλ[ῆθος] τῶν μετεχόντων τοῦ ἱεροῦ; OGI 56, 71 [237 B.C.]; Lucian, Syr. Dea 50) abs. τὸ πλ. the community, the church Ac 15:30; 19:9; 21:22 v.l.; 1 Cl 54:2; ISm 8:2; Hm 11:9. πᾶν τὸ πλ. the whole community, group Ac 6:5; 15:12. Also τὸ πᾶν πλ. IMg 6:1. τὸ ἐν θεῷ πλ. ITr 8:2. W. gen. τὸ πᾶν πλ. ὑμῶν 1:1. πᾶν το πλ. τοῦ λαοῦ Lk 1:10. ἅπαν τὸ πλ. τῶν μαθητῶν the whole community of his disciples Lk 19:37; cp. Ac 6:2. τὸ πλ. τῶν πιστευσάντων 4:32.—Dssm., NB 59f [BS 232f].—B. 929. DELG s.v. πίμπλημι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

-ή,-όν ⁺ A 2-4-4-11-5=26 Ex 10,5; Nm 4,26; Jgs^B 21,7.16; 1 Sm 30,9

superfluous, useless 2 Mc 12,44; remain-ing Ez 48,15; excellent Dn^Th 5,12; οἱ περισσοί the rest, those who remain Jgs^B 21,7; περισσόν (as adv.) further-more, moreover Eccl 2,15; περισσά (as adv.) very, excessively, over Eccl 7,16

περισσότερος greater, more Dn^Th 4,36

τὸ περισσόν τῆς γῆς the rest of the earth, the abundance of the earth Ex 10,5; ἐκ περισσοῦ exceedingly

Dn^Th 3,22; τί περισσὸν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ; what advantage has a man? Eccl 6,11

*Nm 4,26 τὰ περισσά the rest, the remainder-יתר^I for MT יתר^II the cords, cpr. Nm 3,26

Cf. DORIVAL 1994, 211

περισσεύω impf. ἐπερίσσευον; fut. περισσεύσω; 1 aor. ἐπερίσσευσα (on the augment B-D-F §69, 4; Mlt-H. 192). Pass.: 1 fut. περισσευθήσομαι (s. prec. two entries; Hes., Thu. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, Philo, Joseph.).

① intr., to be in abundance, abound

ⓐ of things

α. be more than enough, be left over (SIG 672, 19 [II B.C.]; Theophil.: 733 Fgm. 1 Jac. [in Alex. Polyhist.: Eus., PE 9, 34, 19]; Jos., Ant. 3, 229, Vi. 333) τὰ περισσεύσαντα κλάσματα J 6:12. ὁ χρόνος ὁ περισσεύων εἰς τὴν παρουσίαν αὐτοῦ the time that remains before his coming Hs 5, 5, 3. οἱ περισσεύοντες the others, the remainder 9, 8, 7; w. gen. οἱ π. αὐτῶν vs. 4; strengthened οἱ λοιποὶ οἱ περισσεύσαντες 9, 9, 4. τὸ περισσεῦον what was left over τῶν κλασμάτων Mt 14:20; 15:37 (cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 55). περισσεύει μοί τι I leave someth. (cp. Tob 4:16) J 6:13. τὸ περισσεῦσαν αὐτοῖς κλασμάτων what they left in the way of fragments Lk 9:17.

β. be present in abundance (X., Cyr. 6, 2, 30; PFlor 242, 2; PLond II, 418, 4 p. 303 [c. 346 A.D.] ἵνα περισσεύῃ ὁ φόβος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν σοί) 2 Cor 1:5b; Phil 1:26 ἐὰν μὴ περισσεύσῃ ὑμῶν ἡ δικαιοσύνη πλεῖον τῶν γραμματέων unless your righteousness far surpasses that of the scribes Mt 5:20 (for the omission of ‘that’ in the Gk. text cp. Maximus Tyr. 15, 8d: their life is different in no respect σκωλήκων=fr. ‘that’ of the worms). περισσεύει τί τινι (cp. Thu. 2, 65, 13) someone has someth. in abundance (Tob 4:16) ISm 9:2. τὸ περισσεῦόν τινι (opp. ὑστέρησις) someone’s abundance Mk 12:44. (Opp. ὑστέρημα) Lk 21:4. ἐν τῷ περισσεύειν τινί in this, namely that one has an abundance 12:15. περισσεύει τι εἴς τινα someth. comes or is available to someone in great abundance: ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐπερίσσευσεν Ro 5:15. περισσεύει τὰ παθήματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς ἡμᾶς we share abundantly in Christ’s sufferings 2 Cor 1:5a.

γ. be extremely rich or abundant, overflow 2 Cor 9:12. εἰ ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ψεύσματι ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὴν δόξαν αὐτου if by my falsehood the truthfulness of God has shown itself to be supremely great, to his glory Ro 3:7. The thing in which the wealth consists is added in the dat. (Philistion [IV B.C.], Fgm. 9 ln. 13 Wellmann πάσαις τ. ἀρεταῖς περιττεύει [in Athen. 3, 83, 115e]) π. δόξῃ be extremely rich in glory 2 Cor 3:9 (v.l. ἐν δόξῃ). In oxymoron ἡ πτωχεία αὐτῶν ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος αὐτῶν their poverty has overflowed into the wealth of their ingenuousness 8:2 (s. ἁπλότη 1; NRSV et al. liberality).

δ. grow αἱ ἐκκλησίαι ἐπερίσσευον τῷ ἀριθμῷ καθʼ ἡμέραν Ac 16:5. ἵνα ἡ ἀγάπη ὑμῶν ἔτι μᾶλλον καὶ μᾶλλον περισσεύῃ ἐν ἐπιγνώσει Phil 1:9.

ⓑ of persons

α. have an abundance, abound, be rich τινός of or in someth. (B-D-F §172; Rob. 510) ἄρτων Lk 15:17 v.l. (the text has the mid. περισσεύονται [unless it should be pass., s. 2b below], but that is prob. not orig.; s. Jülicher, Gleichn. 346). παντὸς χαρίσματος IPol 2:2. Also ἔν τινι Dg 5:13 (opp. ὑστερεῖσθαι). ἐν τῇ ἐλπίδι Ro 15:13. Abs. (opp. ὑστερεῖσθαι) περισσεύομεν we have more (divine approval) 1 Cor 8:8. ζητεῖτε ἵνα περισσεύητε strive to excel 14:12. Cp. Phil 4:12a (opp. ταπεινοῦσθαι), vs. 12b (opp. ὑστερεῖσθαι). ἀπέχω πάντα καὶ περισσεύω I have received full payment, and have more than enough vs. 18. π. εἰς πᾶν ἔργον have ample means for every enterprise 2 Cor 9:8b.

β. be outstanding, be prominent, excel (1 Macc 3:30) ἔν τινι in someth. ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ τοῦ κυρίου 1 Cor 15:58. Cp. 2 Cor 8:7ab; Col 2:7. Abs. w. μᾶλλον added progress more and more 1 Th 4:1, 10.

② trans. (Athen. 2, 42b) to cause someth. to exist in abundance, cause to abound

ⓐ of things that one greatly increases, τὴν εὐχαριστίαν 2 Cor 4:15. τὶ εἴς τινα grant someth. to someone richly 9:8a; Eph 1:8 (ἧς by attraction of the relat. for ἥν). Pass. w. dat. of pers. ὅστις γὰρ ἔχει, δοθήσεται αὐτῷ καὶ περισσευθήσεται to the one who has (more) will be given, and that person will have a great abundance Mt 13:12. Cp. 25:29.

ⓑ of persons who receive someth. in great abundance ὑμᾶς ὁ κύριος περισσεύσαι τῇ ἀγάπῃ may the Lord cause you to abound in love 1 Th 3:12. πόσοι μίσθιοι περισσεύονται ἄρτων Lk 15:17 how many day laborers get more than enough bread (s. 1bα above).—DELG s.v. περί. M-M. EDNT. TW.

πλοῦτος, ου, ὁ (s. prec. four entries; Hom.+) Paul, who also uses the masc., in eight passages (2 Cor 8:2; Eph 1:7; 2:7; 3:8, 16; Phil 4:19; Col 1:27; 2:2) has in the nom. and acc. the neuter τὸ πλοῦτος (AcPh 109 [Aa II/2, 42, 5]; Is 29:2 [acc. to SA; s. Thackeray 159]); Tdf., Proleg. 118; W-H., app. 158; B-D-F §51, 2; Mlt-H. 127; Gignac II 100; ‘wealth, riches’.

① abundance of many earthly goods, wealth (Iren. 1, 8, 3 [Harv. I 71, 9]; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 9, 8; καὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα Did., Gen. 150, 8) Mt 13:22; Mk 4:19; Lk 8:14; 1 Ti 6:17; Js 5:2; Rv 18:17; 1 Cl 13:1 (Jer 9:22); Hv 3, 6, 5b; 6b; m 10, 1, 4; Hs 1:8; 2:5, 7f (τὸ πλ.); ApcPt 15, 30. Leading souls (astray) Hv 3, 6, 6a (restored). πλ. τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 3, 6, 5a. πολυτέλεια πλούτου m 8:3; 12, 2, 1. γαυριᾶν ἐν τῷ πλούτῳ glory in wealth 1, 1, 8. Also γαυροῦσθαι ἐν τῷ πλ. 3, 9, 6. ἐπιλάθου τοῦ πλούτου καὶ τοῦ κάλλους σου AcPl Ha 2, 21; πλ. καταναλίσκεται 2, 24f; the restoration in 9, 9 is based on 2:24f.—OSchilling, Reichtum u. Eigentum in der altkirchl. Lit. 1908 (p. ix–xii for lit.); ETroeltsch, D. Soziallehren der christl. Kirchen u. Gruppen 1912; MWeber, D. Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen: Archiv f. Sozialwissensch. 44, 1918, 52ff; FHauck, Die Stellung des Urchristentums zu Arbeit u. Geld 1921; ELohmeyer, Soziale Fragen im Urchristentum 1921; HGreeven, D. Hauptproblem der Sozialethik in der neueren Stoa u. im Urchristentum ’35 (slavery, property, marriage); KBornhäuser, D. Christ u. s. Habe nach dem NT ’36; HvCampenhausen, D. Askese im Urchristentum ’49. Cp. πτωχός 1.

② plentiful supply of someth., a wealth, abundance, fig. ext. of 1, w. gen. of thing (Pla., Euthyphr. 12a π. τῆς σοφίας; Theoph. Ant. 2, 12 [p. 130, 6] τῆς σοφίας τοῦ θεοῦ) τῆς ἁπλότητος; 2 Cor 8:2. τῆς δόξης Ro 9:23; Eph 1:18; 3:16; Col 1:27. τῆς πληροφορίας 2:2. τῆς χάριτος Eph 1:7; 2:7. τῆς χρηστότητος Ro 2:4 (Simplicius In Epict. p. 12, 7 πλοῦτος τῆς αὐτοῦ [God] ἀγαθότητος). The genitives in Ro 11:12, πλ. κόσμου, πλ. ἐθνῶν are different: (an) abundance (of benefits) for the world, for the gentiles. Of that which God or Christ possesses in boundless abundance: βάθος πλούτου vs. 33 (s. βάθος 2 and cp. Jos., Bell. 6, 442 ὁ πλοῦτος ὁ βαθύς).—Phil 4:19.—Eph 3:8; Rv 5:12 (w. δύναμις, σοφία, ἰσχύς, τιμή, δόξα, εὐλογία. Cp. Aristot., Pol. 1323a, 37f πλοῦτος, χρήματα, δύναμις, δόξα; Herodas 1, 28 πλοῦτος, δύναμις, δόξα; Crantor [IV/III B.C.]: FPhGr III 148 πλοῦτος κ. δόξα; Diod S 4, 74, 1 πλ. κ. δόξα).—μείζονα πλ. ἡγησάμενος τῶν Αἰγύπτου θησαυρῶν τὸν ὀνειδισμὸν τοῦ Χριστοῦ he considered the reproach suffered on behalf of the Christ to be greater wealth than the treasures of Egypt Hb 11:26.—TESchmidt, Hostility to Wealth in Philo of Alexandria: JSNT 19, ’83, 85–97; for other lit. s. πένης. B. 772. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

πλεονάζω (πλέον) fut. πλεονάσω LXX; 1 aor. ἐπλεόνασα, aor. pass. 3 pl. ἐπλεονάσθησαν 1 Ch 5:23 (Thu., Hippocr. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 5:4; ApcEsdr 3:6 p. 27, 11 Tdf.; EpArist 295 [cj. by Wendl.]; intr. Thu. 1, 120, 4 et al.; in earlier Gk. mostly in neg. sense relating to excess).

① to become more and more, so as to be in abundance, be/become more or be/become great, be present in abundance, grow, increase, intr. (Strabo 4, 1, 13; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 89 §370; Ael. Aristid. 33 p. 616 D.; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 553; 2 Ch 24:11; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 245; Jos., Ant. 19, 319) 2 Pt 1:8. Increase in number, multiply Dg 6:9; cp. 7:8. Of sin (cp. Sir 23:3 ὅπως μὴ αἱ ἁμαρτίαι μου πλεονάσωσι) Ro 5:20a (cp. Philistion [IV B.C.] 4 p. 110, 8 Wellmann [s. Diocles] ἐπειδάν πλεονάσῃ τὸ θερμόν), vs. 20b. Of grace 6:1; 2 Cor 4:15 (in remarkable violation of the Hellenic principle μηδὲν ἄγαν). Of love 2 Th 1:3. ἐπιζητῶ τὸν καρπὸν τὸν πλεονάζοντα I seek the fruit that increases Phil 4:17.

② to have more than is necessary, have too much, intr. (Diod S 2, 54, 7; 11, 59, 4; 19, 81, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 108 §454 of legions with more than the usual number of men) 2 Cor 8:15 (Ex 16:18).

③ to be responsible for increase, trans.

ⓐ to bring forth in abundance, increase τὶ someth. (Ps 70:21; Jos., Ant. 1, 32) τὸ στόμα σου ἐπλεόνασεν κακίαν 1 Cl 35:8 (Ps 49:19).

ⓑ to cause increase (w. περισσεύειν) ὑμᾶς ὁ κύριος πλεονάσαι τῇ ἀγάπῃ may the Lord cause you to increase (= become rich) in love 1 Th 3:12.—DELG s.v. πλείων. M-M.TW.

χορηγ-ία, ἡ,

A office or λῃτουργία of a χορηγός, defraying of the cost of the public choruses, Antipho 2.3.8 (pl.), 5.77 (pl.), Th.6.16 (pl.), etc.: used generally of λῃτουργίαι other than the τριηραρχία, Lys.19.57 (pl.), D.20.19 (pl.), Lex ap. eund. 18.106.

2 generally, expense, Democr.282.

II generally, abundance of external means, fortune,

ἡ ἐκτὸς χ. Arist.EN 1178a24

, cf. Pol. 1255a14, al.; πολιτικὴ χ. things necessary to furnish or constitute a state, ib. 1326a5: pl.,

βασιλικαὶ χ. Jul.Ep. 89b

;

πρόγονοι καὶ χ. καὶ δόξα

great fortunes,

Lib.Or.33.20

.

2 metaph., in later historians, of supplies for war, τῶν ἀναγκαίων, τῶν ἐπιτηδείων, Plb. 1.18.9, 4.71.10, etc.: pl., Id.1.16.6, etc.

b generally, supplies for a banquet, Plu.2.692b.

c extraneous, adventitious aids, Arist. Po. 1453b8.

d abundance,

τῶν εὐτυχημάτων Id.Pol. 1333b17

;

ὕλης Luc.Anach.35

;

ὕδατος Hdn.8.2.6

;

τῶν πηγῶν Lib.Or.61.18

; πᾶσα χ. τῆς νόσου all that feeds the disease, Philostr.Im.2.23.

e subvention, assistance, Ph.Bel.50.39.

III f.l. for χορεία, Pl.Euthd. 277d.

ἐπομβρ-ία, ἡ,

A heavy rain, abundance of rain, Hp.Aph.3.15 (pl.), D.55.11, etc.: generally, abundance of wet,

πνευμάτων A.Fr. 300

: opp. αὐχμός, Hp.Aër.23, Ar.Nu. 1120 : pl., Arist.Mete. 360b6, Thphr.HP3.1.5, Str.11.3.4, etc.: metaph., shower,

χερμάδων Lyc. 333

; deluge,

δέλτων Lib.Ep.333.5

.

2 the Deluge, J.AJ1.2.3, al.

II humidity, of the body, Aret.SA2.4, SD2.1.

οἶνος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)

① a beverage made from fermented juice of the grape, wine; the word for ‘must’, or unfermented grape juice, is τρύξ (Anacr. et al.; pap); lit. J 2:3, 9f (on abundance of wine in the anticipated future s. Jo 2:19, 24; Am 8:13–15; En 10:19. HWindisch, Die joh. Weinregel: ZNW 14, 1913, 248–57. Further material on the marriage at Cana Hdb.³ ’33, exc. after 2:12. S. also HNoetzel, Christus u. Dionysos ’60); 4:46. οἶνος (v.l. ὄξο) μετὰ χολῆς μεμιγμένος wine mixed with gall Mt 27:34 (s. χολή 1). ὄξος καὶ οἶν. μεμιγμένα ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό vinegar and wine mixed together Hm 10, 3, 3. ἐσμυρνισμένος οἶν. wine mixed with myrrh Mk 15:23. W. ἔλαιον D 13:6; used medicinally (Theophr., HP 9, 12; Diosc., Mat. Med. 5, 9) Lk 10:34; stored in a cellar Hm 11:15. W. other natural products Rv 18:13. John the Baptist abstains fr. wine and other alcoholic drink (cp. Num 6:3; Judg 13:14; 1 Km 1:11) Lk 1:15; to denote the extraordinary degree of his abstinence it is said of him μὴ ἐσθίων ἄρτον μήτε πίνων οἶνον 7:33 (Diod S 1, 72, 2 the Egyptians in mourning for their kings abstain from wheat bread [πυρός] and from wine). Abstinence fr. wine and meat for the sake of ‘weak’ Christians Ro 14:21 (Ltzm., Hdb. exc. before Ro 14. Lit. on ἀσθενής 2c and λάχανον). ἡ ἡδονὴ τοῦ οἴνου the flavor of the wine Hm 12, 5, 3. οἶν. νέος new wine (s. νέος 1a) Mt 9:17 (WNagel, VigChr 14, ’60, 1–8: [GTh]); Mk 2:22; Lk 5:37f.—μεθύσκεσθαι οἴνῳ get drunk with wine Eph 5:18 (on bad effects of wine on the mind as viewed by early Gk. poets, s. SDarcusSullivan, L’AntCl 65, ’96, 31–51, esp. 47–49). οἶνος πολύς (Ps.-Anacharsis, Ep. 3 p. 103 H.): οἴνῳ πολλῷ προσέχειν be addicted to much wine 1 Ti 3:8. οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένη enslaved to drink Tit 2:3 (cp. the stereotyped ‘anus’ in Lat. lit. VRosivach, Classical World 88, ’94, 113f). οἴνῳ ὀλίγῳ χρῆσθαι take a little wine 1 Ti 5:23 (perh. w. implication of contrast to a ὑδροπότης: s. ὑδροποτέω; the moderate use of wine is recommended fr. the time of Theognis [509f]; Plut., Mor. 353b of οἶνος: χρῶνται μέν, ὀλίγῳ δέ; Ps.-Plut., Hom. 206; Crates, Ep. 10).—KKircher, D. sakrale Bed. des Weines im Altertum 1910; VZapletal, D. Wein in d. Bibel 1920; JDöller, Der Wein in Bibel u. Talmud: Biblica 4, 1923, 143–67, 267–99; JBoehmer, D. NT u. d. Alkohol: Studierstube 22, 1926, 322–64; EZurhellen-Pfleiderer, D. Alkoholfrage im NT 1927; IRaymond, The Teaching of the Early Church on the Use of Wine, etc. 1927. S. also ἄμπελος a and ἄρτος 1c.

② punishments that God inflicts on the wicked, wine fig. ext. of 1, in apocalyptic symbolism, to ‘drink’ as wine: ὁ οἶνος τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ the wine of God’s wrath Rv 14:10. Also ὁ οἶν. τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τοῦ θεοῦ 19:15; cp. 16:19. Of Babylon the prostitute ὁ οἶνος τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς 14:8; 18:3. Cp. θυμός on all these passages. οἶν. τῆς πορνείας 17:2.

③ the plant that makes the production of wine possible, vine or vineyard, eventually the product wine, effect for cause: Rv 6:6; s. ἔλαιον 2. The preservation of olive orchards and vineyards is a striking exhibition of divine mercy, given the social context in which consumption of wine and olives and use of olive oil played a significant role.—RHalberstsma, Wine in Classical Antiquity: Minerva 7/1 Jan/Feb ’96, 14–18; NPurcell, Wine and Wealth in Ancient Italy: JRS 75, ’85, 1–19.—B. 390. DELG. M-M. TW.

① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering

② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.

Grammatical information: adj. (comp.)

Meaning: `more, longer, larger' (Hom.).

Other forms: πλέων, n. πλεῖον, πλέον (Il.), ep. Aeol. pl. also πλέες, Cret. πλίες etc. (further forms in Seiler Steigerungsformen 113, Schwyzer 537 n. 6; cf. also bel.); superl. πλεῖστος (Il.) `most, the longset, the greatest'.

Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in the compound πλεον-εξ-ία f. `greed, benefitl', πλεον-εκτέω with - έκτημα, έκτης, - εκτικός (IA.; from πλέον ἔχειν, cf. εὑεξία a.o. s. 1. ἔχω and Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 166); πλειστό-μβροτος `very rich in people' (Pi.).

Derivatives: From πλε(ί)ων, πλέον: πλειότης f. `plurality' ( Theol. Ar.), πλειονότης f. `the superior length of the chord' (Nicom. Harm.); πλεον-άκις `more often' (IA.), - αχός, - αχῶς `multiple, in multiple ways' (Arist.), -αχῃ̃ `in more respects' (Pl.); - άζω `to have an abundance, to be excessive, to grow in number, to increase' (IA.) with - ασμός, - ασμα, - ασις (Arist., hell.). Fronm πλεῖστος: πλειστ-άκις `most often, very often' (IA.), - αχόθεν `from the most (very many) places' (Ar.), - ήρης `the most (χρόνος), the longest' (A. Eu. 763), - ηρίζομαι approx. `to appoint someone as the highest authority' (A. Ch. 1029), - ηριάζω `to bid the highest price (in auctions), to outbid' (Lys., Pl. Com., Them.) with - ηριασμός ὑπερθεματισμός H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [798] * pleh₁- `full'

Etymology: As basis of the above comp. forms one may posit PGr. *πλή-[ι̯]ων, *πλή-ιστος; from there πλέων, πλεῖστος; to πλεῖστος analog. πλείων (cf. also μείων). The seemingly archaic πλέες, πλίες (s. on them Schwyzer 537 n. 6 w. rich lit.) are best taken as innovations to πλέον, pl. πλέα (Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 1f. = Kl. Schr. 214f.). Unclear Att. πλεῖν = πλέον and Arc. πλος ( πλως?) `plus', s. Schwyzer l.c. (also n. 1) and Leumann l.c. The sporadic attestations with η, e.g. πλῆον (Milete a.e.), Πλήστ-αρχος (Tegea) can hardly be interpreted as testimonies of older situations (s. Seiler l.c.). -- A corresponding comp. gives Av. frāyah- `more, much, many', Skt. adv. prāyaḥ. As the superlative originally had zero grade and a zero grade form. has been supposed in Av. fraēštǝm `mostly', OWNo. fleistr `most' (with comp. fleiri), but it has full grade, IE * pleh₁-isto-? The stem πλη- is best seen in πίμπλημι (s. v.); on the positive πολύς s. v. -- Details in the above mentioned lit. and in WP. 2, 65 (Pok. 798), W.-Hofmann s. plūs, Mayrhofer s. prāyaḥ.

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πλούσιος, ία, ιον (πλοῦτος; Hes., Hdt.+)

① pert. to having an abundance of earthly possessions that exceeds normal experience, rich, wealthy, ἦν Ἰωακεὶμ πλ. σφόδρα GJs 1:1 (Sus 4 Theod.); ἄνθρωπος πλ. a rich man (i.e. one who does not need to work for a living) Mt 27:57; Lk 12:16; cp. 16:1, 19 (here, in P⁷⁵, the rich man’s name is given as Νευης, q.v. as a separate entry); 18:23; 19:2. γείτονες πλ. wealthy neighbors 14:12.—Subst. ὁ πλ. the rich man (oft. in contrast to the poor; cp. TestAbr A 19 p. 101, 20, [Stone p. 50; opp. πένης, who must work for a living].—S. PFurfey, CBQ 5, ’43, 241–63) Lk 16:21f; Js 1:10f; 1 Cl 13:1 (Jer 9:22); 38:2; Hs 2:5–7 (vs. 4 εἰς πτωχὸν καὶ πλούσιον the art. is omitted after the prep.). Pl. οἱ πλ. (Menand., Cith. Fgm. 1, 1 Kö. [=Fgm. 281, 1]) Lk 6:24; 21:1; 1 Ti 6:17; Js 2:6; 5:1; Rv 6:15; 13:16; 1 Cl 16:10 (Is 53:9); Hs 2:8; 9, 20, 1f. Without the art. πλούσιος a rich man Mt 19:23f; Mk 10:25; Lk 18:25 (cp. Sextus 193 χαλεπόν ἐστιν πλουτοῦντα σωθῆναι; s. also Pla., Laws 5, 743a). Pl. Mk 12:41; B 20:2; D 5:2.—Of the preexistent Christ διʼ ὑμᾶς ἐπτώχευσεν πλούσιος ὤν for your sake he became penniless, though he was rich 2 Cor 8:9 (here the emphasis on wealth vs. poverty relates esp. to status, cp. Phil 2:6–11; some place the pass. in 2 below; opp. Demosth 18, 131).

② pert. to being plentifully supplied with someth., abound (in), rich (in), fig. ext. of 1 (Menand., Fgm. 936 Kö. and EpArist 15 πλουσία ψυχή; PsSol 5:14 δόμα … πλούσιον; CIG IV, 9688, 4f τέκνα) rich ἔν τινι in someth. of God ἐν ἐλέει Eph 2:4; of humans ἐν πίστει Js 2:5. πλ. τῷ πνεύματι (analogous, but not in contrast to πτωχὸς τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3) rich in spirit (paralleling ἁπλοῦ τῇ καρδία) B 19:2. Abs., of those who are rich in a transcendent sense Rv 2:9; 3:17; cp. (ἡ ἔντευξίς ἐστιν) πλουσία πρὸς κυρίον Hs 2:6. ἀπὸ τοῦ πλουσίου τῆς ἀγάπης κυρίου from the Lord, who is rich in love B 1:3 (on the text which, perhaps, is damaged, s. Windisch, Hdb. ad loc.). The text is also uncertain in vs. 2, where μεγάλων ὄντων καὶ πλουσίων τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ δικαιωμάτων εἰς ὑμᾶς is prob. to be rendered: since the righteous deeds of God toward you are great and generous. For 2 Cor 8:9 s. 1 above.—For lit. s. under πλοῦτος, πτωχός.—DELG s.v. πλοῦτος. M-M. EDNT. TW.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `flourish, grow' (Hes., h. Cer. 402),

Other forms: aor. 2 ἔθᾱ̆λον (h. Hom. 19, 33, hell.), perf. with pres. meaning τέθηλα, Aeol. Dor. τέθᾱλα (Il.); later forms aor. 1 ἀν-έθηλα (Ael.), fut. ἀνα-θᾰλήσομαι (AP),

Compounds: also with prefix ( ἀνα- a. o.)

Derivatives: 1. From the root aorist: θάλος n. `sprout', only metaph. (Il.) with ἀμφι-θαλής `surrounded by θάλος (θάλεα), rich' (Χ 496; also to θαλεῖν); adj. f. θάλεια `flowering, rich' (Il.; on the accent cf. ἐλάχεια, s. ἐλαχύς), m. n. *θαλύς, -ύ only in gen. pl. θαλέων (Χ 504); for it (Il.) θαλερός (as γλυκερός to γλυκύς). θαλία, - ίη `flower, abundance', pl. `feast' (Il., Hdt.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 39 w. diff. analysis) with θαλιάζω `amuse oneself' (Plu.). PN Θάλης (- ῆς), gen. Θάλεω, Θάλητος etc.. (Schwyzer 461f.). On θαλύσια s. v. 2. From the present: θαλλός m. `green twig, esp. of the olive, sprout', also `(festive) gift' (ρ 224) with θαλλία f. sg. `foliage' (Thphr.), θαλλία n. pl. `gifts' (pap.), θάλλῐνος `consisting of θαλλοι' (Rhodes). Θαλλώ f. `goddess of Growth' (Iusi. ap. Lykurg. 77, Paus. 9, 35, 2). - Sec. presents. 1. to the root aorist: θᾰλ-έθω (Il.; s. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 327, Shipp Studies 39). 2. to the perfect: θηλέω, θᾱλέω, aor. θηλῆσαι, θᾱλ- (Il.) with ἐρι-θηλής `richly growing' (Il., Hes.) etc. (but ἐριθαλίς εἶδος δένδρου H., erithales n. Plin. to θάλος). From θηλέω lengthened: τηλεθάω, old only Ptc. τηλεθάων (Il.; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 359).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [234] * dʰ(e)h₂-l-. dʰh₂l- `flourish. green'

Etymology: A certain agreement to this richly developped family only in Albanian and Armenian with the present Alb. dal `sprout' \< IE * dhal-nō, which can even be identical with θάλλω (*θαλ-ι̯ω is also possible; cf. on βάλλω), the aor. dol(l)a (IE * dhāl- as τέ-θᾱλ-α) and Arm. adj. dalar `green, fresh', which one compares with θαλερός. Celtic and - even more - Germanic material can better remain apart; s. Pok. 234; also Mann Lang. 26, 380; 28, 36.

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πηγή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.)

① a source of someth. that gushes out or flows, spring, fountain, flow (on distinction fr. κρηνή ‘artificially constructed fountain’ s. L-S-J-M Suppl.; RWycherly, ClR 51, ’37, 2f; Renehan ’75, 164f)

ⓐ ordinarily of water spring, fountain Js 3:11, 12 v.l.; Hs 9, 1, 8; 9, 25, 1. (αἱ) πηγαὶ (τῶν) ὑδάτων ( the) springs of water (cp. Lev 11:36; Num 33:9; 3 Km 18:5; Jdth 7:7; Ps 17:16; Jos., Ant. 2, 294; Just., A I, 64, 1) Rv 8:10; 14:7; 16:4. ἀέναοι πηγαί everflowing springs 1 Cl 20:10 (ἀέναος 1). As typical of sinners πηγαὶ ἄνυδροι (s. ἄνυδρος) 2 Pt 2:17. Of a specific source, well (called φρέαρ in J 4:11f; cp. Mod. Gk. πηγάδι=‘well’.—WHutton, ET 57, ’45/46, 27) π. τοῦ Ἰακώβ, at the foot of Mt Gerizim (on the location of Jacob’s well s. Dalman, Orte³ 226ff) J 4:6a; cp. vs. 6b (Paus. 8, 23, 4 ὀλίγον ὑπὲρ τ. πόλιν π. ἐστιν καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ π. …).

ⓑ of blood ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς (Lev 12:7) Mk 5:29 (Alex. Aphr., An. p. 40, 2 Bruns πηγὴ τ. αἵματος. Cp. πηγὴ δακρύων: Soph., Ant. 803; Chariton 1, 3, 6; 2, 3, 6; 6, 7, 10; Achilles Tat. 7, 4, 6).

ⓒ Quite symbolic (s. Hdb. exc. on J 4:14 and cp. Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 15 τὸ σῷζον [ὕδωρ] ἄνωθέν ποθεν ἐκ δαιμονίου τινὸς πηγῆς κάτεισι. In schol. on Pla. 611c ἀθάνατος πηγή is a spring whose water bestows immortality) is its usage in some NT pass.: ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ ὕδατος τῆς ζωῆς the spring of the water of life Rv 21:6; in the pl. ζωῆς πηγαὶ ὑδάτων 7:17; πηγὴ ὕδατος ἁλλομένου εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον a spring of water welling up for eternal life J 4:14 (Essenes apply this figure to the Torah, e.g. CD 6:4; also s. Hdb. ad loc.).

② the place of origin or the cause of a full abundance of someth., fountainhead, fig. ext. of 1 (Pind. et al; Epict. 3, 1, 18 Apollo as πηγὴ τῆς ἀληθείας [πηγὴ ἀληθ. also in Himerius, Or. 48=Or. 14, 35; Maximus Tyr. 12, 6c; 13, 9c; Philo, Mos. 1, 84); πηγὴ ζωῆς source of life (Pr 10:11; 13:14; 14:27) of God B 11:2 (Jer 2:13 and 17:13; cp. Ps 35:10); cp. B 1:3 Funk; s. πλούσιος 2.—B. 44. DELG. M-M. TW.

εὖ, [dialect] Ep. also

A

ἐΰ Od.1.302

, etc., cf. A.D.Adv.200.20: Adv. (prop. neut. of ἐΰς):— well, opp. κακῶς (as in Th.4.63), Hom., etc.

I of knowledge or action, well, thoroughly, competently,

εὖ μέν τις δόρυ θηξάσθω, εὖ δ' ἀσπίδα θέσθω Il.2.382

;

εὖ καὶ ἐπισταμένως κέασαν ξύλα Od. 20.161

;

τὴν πόλιν κοσμέων καλῶς τε καὶ εὖ Hdt.1.59

;

τὸ πρᾶγμα βασανίσας καλῶς τε καὶ εὖ Pl.Euthd. 307b

, etc.; τόξων ἐῢ εἰδώς cunning with the bow, Il.2.718, etc.;

εὖ τόδ' ἴσθι A.Pers. 173

(troch.); εὖ γὰρ σαφῶς τόδ' ἴστε ib. 784; εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι parenthetic in colloquial speech,

σὺ γὰρ εὖ οἶδ' ὅτι οὐ πράγματ' ᾄσει Ar. Pax 1296

, cf. D.14.2, etc.; εὖ οἶδα, in answers, Dioxipp.4; εὖ μήδεο consider well, Il.2.360; εὖ λέγεις well spoken ! Pl.Ap. 24e, cf. D.5.2, etc.: with λέγω omitted,

οὐδὲ τοῦτ' εὖ Ἐρατοσθένης Str.1.3.1

.

2 morally well, kindly, εὖ ἔρδειν, = εὐεργετεῖν, Il.5.650; εὖ εἰπεῖν τινα to speak well of him, Od.1.302;

εὖ δρᾶν εὖ παθών S.Ph. 672

, etc.

3 with passive or intransitive Verbs, fortunately, happily, in good case,

εὖ ζώουσι Od.19.79

; εὖ οἴκαδ' ἱκέσθαι safely, Il.1.19, cf. Od.3.188;

τοῦ βίου εὖ ἥκειν Hdt.1.30

; εὖ φρονῶν in one's right mind, A.Pr. 387, etc. (but εὖ φρονεῖν εἴς τινας, τὰ σά, to be well-disposed towards, And.2.4, S.Aj. 491); standing last for emphasis,

ἄνδρες γεγονότες εὖ Hdt.7.134

;

νόμους μὴ λύειν ἔχοντας εὖ Id.3.82

;

τελευτήσει τὸν βίον εὖ Id.1.32

, cf. Th.1.71, Arist. EN 1124b13, etc.: separated from its Verb,

εὖ πρᾶγμα συντεθέν D. 18.144

.

II coupled with other Adverbs, esp. when qualifying nouns, adjectives, and adverbs,

εὖ μάλα Od.4.96

, etc.;

ἡ ἀορτὴ εὖ μάλα κοίλη Arist.HA 514b22

;

εὖ μάλα πᾶσαι h.Ap. 171

;

εὖ μάλα πολλά Heraclit.35

;

εὖ μάλα πρεσβύτης Pl.Euthphr.4a

;

μάλα εὖ καὶ κομψῶς Id.Sph. 236d

;

εὖ καὶ μάλα Id.Smp. 194a

(sed cf. CQ15.4);

κάρτα εὖ Hdt.3.150

; εὖ.. πάνυ or πάνυ εὖ, Ar.Pl. 198, Pl.Men. 80b;

εὖ σφόδρα Nicostr.8

, Philem.75.4; εὖ κἀνδρικῶς, εὖ κἀνδρείως, Ar.Eq. 379 (lyr.), Th. 656; καλῶστεκαὶ εὖ (v.supr.1.1);

εὖ τε καὶ καλῶς Pl.R. 503d

.

III as Subst., τὸ εὖ the right, the good cause,

τὸ δ' εὖ νικάτω A.Ag. 121

;

τὸ γὰρ εὖ μετ' ἐμοῦ Ar.Ach. 661

; the Good, final cause,

τὸ εὖ τεκταινόμενος ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς γιγνομένοις Pl.Ti. 68e

;

τοῦ εὖ ἕνεκα Arist.Sens. 437a1

, cf. eund.Metaph. 1092b26: in Art, perfection, the ideal,

τὸ εὖ διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν γίνεται Polyclit.2

.

IV as the Predicate of a propos., τί τῶνδ' εὖ; A.Ch. 338 (lyr.), cf. 116; εὖ εἴη may it be well, Id.Ag. 216 (lyr.); εὐορκεῦντι μέμ μοι εὖ εἶμεν or εἴη, SIG953.9 (Calymna, ii B.C.), PEleph.23.19 (iii B.C.); εὖ σοι γένοιτο well be with thee, E.Alc. 627, cf.Fr. 707.

V Interjection, well done! to cheer on dogs,

εὖ κύνες X.Cyn.9.20

; ahoy! ho! Lyr.Alex.Adesp.20.11; cf. εὖγε.

VI in Compds., implying abundance ([etym.] εὐανδρία), prosperity ( εὐδαίμων, opp. κακοδαίμων), ease ( εὔβατος, opp. δύσβατος): compounded only with Nouns and Adjs. (hence εὖ πάσχω, εὖ ποιέω are better written divisim, but εὐποιητικός implies εὐποιέω: v. ἀντευποιέω) ; εὐδοκέω is exceptional. (Replaced by καλῶς in later Gr., exc. in set phrases.)

ἐξουσ-ία, ἡ, ([etym.] ἔξεστι)

A power, authority to do a thing, c. inf.,

χαίρειν καὶ νοσεῖν ἐ. πάρεστι S.Fr.88.11

codd.;

αὐτῷ ἐ. ἦν σαφῶς εἰδέναι Antipho 1.6

, cf. Th.7.12; ἐξουσίαν ὁ νόμος δέδωκε permission to do.., Pl. Smp. 182e;

ἐ. ποιεῖν Id.Cri. 51d

, etc.;

ἐ. λαβεῖν And.2.28

, X.Mem.2.6.24, etc.;

λαβὼν ἐ. ὥστε.. Isoc.3.45

; ἐπὶ τῇ τῆς εἰρήνης ἐ. with the freedom permitted by peace, D.18.44: c. gen. objecti, ἐ. ἔχειν θανάτου power of life and death, Poll.8.86; πρᾶγμα οὗ τὴν ἐ. ἔχουσιν ἄλλοι control over.., Diog.Oen.57; ἐ. τινός power over, licence in a thing,

τοῦ λέγειν Pl.Grg. 461e

; ἐν μεγάλῃ ἐ. τοῦ ἀδικεῖν ib. 526a, cf. R. 554c; κατὰ τὴν οὐκ ἐ. τῆς ἀγωνίσεως from want of qualification for.., Th.5.50: abs., power, authority, E.Fr. 784.

2 abuse of authority, licence, arrogance,

ὕβρις καὶ ἐ. Th.1.38

, cf. 3.45, D.19.200; ἡ ἄγαν ἐ. ib.272;

ἄμετρος ἐ. OGI669.51

(i A.D.).

3 Lit. Crit., ἐ. ποιητική poetic licence, Str.1.2.17, Jul.Or.1.10b.

II office, magistracy,

ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐ. Pl.Alc.1.135b

;

οἱ ἐν ταῖς ἐ. Arist.EN 1095b21

;

οἱ ἐν ἐ. ὄντες Id.Rh. 1384a1

;

οἱ ἐπ' ἐξουσιῶν LXXDa.3.2

; ἡ ὑπατικὴ ἐ. the consulate, D.S. 14.113, etc.; also

ἡ ὕπατος ἐ. D.H.7.1

; ἡ ταμιευτικὴ ἐ. the quaestorship, Id.8.77; δημαρχικὴ ἐ., v. δημαρχικός; ἡ τοῦ θαλάμου ἐ., in the Roman empire, lordship of the bedchamber, Hdn.1.12.3.

2 concrete, body of magistrates, D.H.11.32; αἱ ἐ. (as we say) the authorities, Ev.Luc.12.11,al., Plu.Phil.17.

b ἡ ἐ. as an honorary title, POxy. 1103 (iv A.D.), etc.

III abundance of means, resources,

ἐξουσίας ἐπίδειξις Th.6.31

;

πλοῦτος καὶ ἐ. Id.1.123

, cf. D. 21.138;

ἐνδεεστέρως ἢ πρὸς τὴν ἐ. Th.4.39

;

τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐ. Pl.Lg. 828d

; excessive wealth, opp. οὐσία, Com.Adesp.25a.5D.

IV pomp, Plu.Aem.34.

περισσός, ή, όν (cp. πέριξ and s. three next entries; Hes., Hdt.+. Prim.: ‘exceeding the usual number or size’; Gignac I 146)

① pert. to that which is not ordinarily encountered, extraordinary, remarkable (Pla., Apol. 20c οὐδὲν τῶν ἄλλων περισσὸν πραγματεύεσθαι; BGU 417, 22 περισσὸν ποιήσω=I am going to do someth. extraordinary; En 102:7) τί περισσὸν ποιεῖτε; what are you doing that is remarkable? Mt 5:47 (cp. Plut., Mor. 233a τί οὖν μέγα ποιεῖς; what, then, are you doing that is so great?—ELombard, L’Ordinaire et l’Extraordinaire [Mt 5:47]: RTP 15, 1927, 169–86). Subst. τὸ περισσόν the advantage (WSchubart, Der Gnomon des Idios Logos 1919, 102 [II A.D.]) τὸ π. τοῦ Ἰουδαίου the advantage of the Judean (Jew) Ro 3:1 (s. Ἰουδαῖο 2a). LCerfaux, Le privilège d’Israël sel. s. Paul: ETL 17, ’40, 5–26.

② pert. to being extraordinary in amount, abundant, profuse

ⓐ going beyond what is necessary περισσὸν ἔχειν have (someth.) in abundance J 10:10 (cp. X., Oec. 20, 1 οἱ μὲν περισσὰ ἔχουσιν, οἱ δὲ οὐδὲ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα δύνανται πορίζεσθαι; Plut., Mor. 523d). For περισσότερον J 10:10 P⁷⁵ s. περισσότερο c.

ⓑ superfluous, unnecessary (Trag. et al.; cp. 2 Macc 12:44; TestJob 47:1) περισσόν μοί ἐστιν τὸ γράφειν ὑμῖν it is unnecessary for me to write to you 2 Cor 9:1 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 238 II, 4 περισσὸν ἡγοῦμαι διεξοδέστερον ὑμῖν γράφειν). περισσὸν ἡγοῦμαι I consider it superfluous (Appian, Prooem. 13 §50; Jos., Ant. 3, 215; cp. Philo, Agr. 59) Dg 2:10. W. ἄχρηστος 4:2.

③ in the comparative sense; περισσός together w. its adv. and comp. is a colloquial substitute for μᾶλλον, μάλιστα as well as for πλείων, πλεῖστος (B-D-F §60, 3; Rob. 279; KKrumbacher, ByzZ 17, 1908, 233). τό περισσὸν τούτων whatever is more than this, whatever goes beyond this Mt 5:37 (on the gen. s. B-D-F §185, 1; Rob. 660).—ἐκ περισσοῦ (Περὶ ὕψους 34, 2; Vi. Aesopi I G 43 P.; Dositheus 40, 4; Da 3:22 Theod.) Mk 6:51 s. ἐκ 6c and λίαν a.—DELG s.v. περί. M-M. TW.